Assurance of security control. The recommendations above indicate in a general way what is required; additional issues, such as the following, must be considered. However, it is also expedient from the computer point of view to recognize Uncleared as a fourth level of clearance. This recommendation will also apply to the situation in which a user at a terminal connected to one system wishes to access a second system. All maintenance to be performed on hardware or software must be covered by appropriate procedures, including measures for surveillance of maintenance personnel by properly cleared personnel, for verifying with the System Administrator any adjustments made to the system's configuration, and for manually logging all changes and adjustments made or errors discovered. By extension, the term can be applied to equipment, in which case it implies that all necessary safeguards are present to enable the equipment to store and process information with many levels of classification and caveated in many different ways. Membership in such a group authorizes the individual to take some action on the files to which he is permitted access, either on a standing or an emergency basis. Little more can be said about language processors or utility programs except to require that they be thoroughly tested by the user agency for correct operation and for detection and rejection of incorrect sequences of instructions or other errors. Computer security is one of the most important issues in organizations which cannot afford any kind of data loss. Computer security implies that access be limited to authorized users. Consequently, it was felt prudent to classify the report Confidential overall. There is no special processing explicitly required for authorization groups. Thus, a caveat is an indicator of a special subset of information within one or more levels of classification. Section V of Part A, on System Characteristics, is largely from Willis H. Ware, incorporating material from a paper by the Technical Panel and some information from personal letters of Prof. E. L. Glaser. Since a large volume of information will be available through the various logs, It is clear that special data reduction programs, event-correlation programs, and data-summary programs will be required by the System Security Officer. Certification is the process of measuring. In part, this reflects the separation of information into special categories, and, in part, the fact that many different agencies are authorized to grant clearances. If the resource-sharing system is a multi-programmed computer operating with only local, as opposed to remote) access, operations personnel can visually identify an individual before granting him access to the system. For example, when a computer terminal is spoken of as having a given level of clearance, it is implied that certain investigative procedures and tests have established that the corresponding level of classified information can be safely transmitted through that terminal. Supplementary manual logs (including date and time) must record all significant events that cannot be automatically logged. To the maximum extent possible, the policies and procedures incorporated to achieve system security shall be unclassified. The Report was printed and published by The Rand Corporation, under ARPA sponsorship. Special need-to-know designators other than those explicitly contained in the first and third items. A modification of this approach is to schedule a system to operate alternately in uncleared and classified modes, with appropriate operational procedures to sanitize the system and to certify it between modes. CA Security Assessment and Authorization. Where physical limitations prohibit or discourage presentation of all caveats and labels associated with each separate page or display of information, means must be provided for the user to obtain them at his request. Furthermore, in the present state of knowledge, it is very difficult to predict the probability of failure of complex hardware and software configurations; thus, redundancy an important design concept. For example, Operators and Administrators may not have access to the keys or mechanism that allow access to the interior of the hardware. for example, might be directed to a Top Secret printer. but it also increases the self-checking load on the machine as the user load increases. The three types of system certification are Design Certification, performed before and during system construction; Installation Certification, performed prior to authorizing a system for operational use; and Recertification, performed after major changes or correction of failures. Comment: Currently, there is no sanitization technique or equipment generally available that will consistently degauss any and all media so thoroughly that residual information cannot be extracted under specialized laboratory conditions. The data collected by the system log can also be aggregated at intervals to provide performance statistics that indicate the efficacy of existing security safeguards, and to develop new or improved procedures and controls. The three formal national clearances are Top Secret, Secret, and Confidential. A single system is able to handle several users or several sets of data simultaneously, contributing to more economical operation. However, it may be impractical because the workload and population of users in many installations will be such that a single computer system is required to economically serve both cleared and uncleared users. (especially under emergency conditions), a special capability is provided within the system so that the system security controls are not impaired. For systems that utilize dial-up communication links, or in which physical access control is undesirable, a password scheme or its equivalent must be used to provide authentication. Adequate DOD regulations exist for dissemination, control, storage, and accountability of classified removable items. Following are some other points that should be considered. The production, distribution, and document control of manuals, guides, job procedure write-ups, etc., must be covered by appropriate procedures; there must be approved ways of conducting personnel training. As much of the Supervisor as possible must run in the user state (as opposed to the supervisor state); each part of the Supervisor should have only as much freedom of the machine as it needs to do its job. A possibility for handling the situation (which, however, may be costly in terms of system efficiency) is as follows. For example, that portion of defense classified information that concerns nuclear matters is entrusted to the Atomic Energy Commission, which is responsible for establishing and promulgating rules and regulations for safeguarding it and for controlling its dissemination. Another user-agency decision might be to require some degree of sanitization preliminary to the performance of certain types of system maintenance, especially if the person capable of performing such maintenance is not or cannot be cleared adequately. In principle, the number, type, and depth of security controls in a system should depend on the sensitivity of the information in the system, on the class of users being served, on the geographical distribution of the system, on the nature of the service that the system provides its users, and on the operational situation that the system supports. Accidental Disclosure. For example: The software of a resource-sharing system includes the Supervisor, the language processors (compilers, assemblers, etc. If so, there must be emergency provisions and procedures for establishing alternate channels to remote locations, and such actions must be accomplished by properly cleared and authorized individuals, in accordance with established operating procedures for secure communications. A possible use of the EXTERNAL STRUCTURE statement is to create Universal Privileges, as discussed below; its use is also illustrated in Example 4 of Annex B. On October 10, 1975, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency declassified it. MERGE RULES: ANN AND BETTY YIELDS TOP SECRET AND CHICO. Passive Subversion. When a new file is created by combining information from existing files and adding interpretations of the combined results, it is conceivable that a purely algorithmically determined maximum classification and caveats may exceed the user's access privileges. Certifying that a resource-sharing computer system is secure represents a very difficult issue. One security flag is considered to be equal to or higher than a second if a requestor with the first flag is authorized access to information which has the second flag. Accompanied by instructions detailing the manual procedures necessary to physically separate them and handle them automatically of,. Found to make the consistency expression display devices or printers may make alternative procedures necessary projects and continuous.! 17 – Implement a security skeleton around which a specific secure computer system for his name to be reasonable but! 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